NOTES

  1. See Arendt, The Human Condition (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1958) 236-243.

  2. See Jules Isaac, The Teaching of Contempt: Christian Roots of Anti-Semitism (New York: McGraw-Hill), 1965.

  3. A Catholic Modernity? Charles Taylor’s Marianist Award Lecture, edited by James Heft (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999) 18.

  4. "Service Requesting Pardon," (March 12, 2000) in Origins 29, 40 (March 23, 2000) 648. This request for forgiveness was so unprecedented that it required a lengthy justification from the Catholic Church’s International Theological Commission. See the Commission’s "Memory and Reconciliation: The Church and Faults of the Church" Origins 29, 39 (March 16, 2000) 627-644.

  5. "Homily at Auschwitz, June 7, 1979" in Pope John Paul II, Spiritual Pilgrimage: Texts on Jews and Judaism 1979-1995, edited by Eugene Fisher and Leon Klenicki (New York: Crossroad, 1995) 7.

  6. "Lamentation at Mauthausen Concentration Camp, June 24, 1988" in Spiritual Pilgrimage: Texts on Jews and Judaism 1979-1995, 117-118.

  7. "John Paul II’s Address at Yad Vashem" (March 23, 2000) in Origins 29, 42 (April 6, 2000) 679.

  8. Ehud Barak, "A Nation that Remembers" (March 23, 2000) in Origins 29, 42 (April 6, 2000) 680.

  9. Pius XII, "Nazism and Peace" (June 2, 1945) in The Catholic Mind 43, 992 (August, 1945) 454, 451.

  10. Pius XII, "Nazism and Peace" (June 2, 1945) in The Catholic Mind 43, 992 (August, 1945) 452.

  11. See Michael Phayer, The Catholic Church and the Holocaust, 1930-1965 (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2000) 189-190, 207.

  12. For example, see Vera Bücker, Die Schulddiskussion im deutschen Katholizismus nach 1945 (Bochum: Studienverlag Dr. N. Brockmeyer, 1989).

  13. "Pastoral" of the German Bishops at Fulda (Aug. 23, 1945) in The Catholic Mind 43, 995 (November, 1945) 692. For a discussion of the drafts, see Michael Phayer, "The Postwar German Catholic Debate Over Holocaust Guilt," Kirchliche Zeitgeschichte 8, 2 (1995) 429-430.

  14. "The German Catholic Church After the Holocaust," Holocaust and Genocide Studies 10, 2 (Fall, 1996) 154. The statement may be found in Die Kirchen und das Judentum: Dokumente von 1945 bis 1985, edited by Rolf Rendtorff and Hans Henrix (Paderborn: Verlag Bonifatius-Druckerei, 1989) 239-240.

  15. Frank Buscher and Michael Phayer, "German Catholic Bishops and the Holocaust, 1940-1952" German Studies Review XI, 3 (October, 1988) 485. The German text may be found in Die Kirchen im Dritten Reich, volume 2, edited by George Denzler and Volker Fabricius (Frankfurt am Main: Fischer, 1984) 255.

  16. Phayer, "The Postwar German Catholic Debate Over Holocaust Guilt," Kirchliche Zeitgeschichte 8, 2 (1995) 430-432.

  17. A copy of the document, "The Catholic Church and Dr. Kogon" is in the John Riedel Papers, series 1, box 2, Catholic Church and Nazism File in the Archives of Marquette University. Riedel was Chief of Catholic Affairs for the Office of Military Government for Germany from 1946 to 1948 and later a professor of philosophy at Marquette. The official was Richard Akselrad. My attention was called to it by Michael Phayer’s article, "The Postwar German Catholic Debate Over Holocaust Guilt," Kirchliche Zeitgeschichte 8, 2 (1995) 435-436. I want to thank Marquette for giving me access to these papers.

  18. "The Catholic Church and Dr. Kogon" 2-4.

  19. See Jakob Nötges, Nationalsozialismus und Katholizismus (Cologne: Gide Verlag, 1931) especially 193-195.

  20. For this see Phayer, "The Postwar German Catholic Debate Over Holocaust Guilt," Kirchliche Zeitgeschichte 8, 2 (1995) and Frank Buscher and Michael Phayer, "German Catholic Bishops and the Holocaust, 1940-1952" German Studies Review XI, 3 (October, 1988) 463-485. Making pleas for Nazi war criminals was not just a Catholic phenomenon as Robert Webster shows in his "Opposing ‘Victor’s Justice’: German Protestant Churchmen and Convicted War Criminals in Western Europe after 1945," Holocaust and Genocide Studies 15, 1 (Spring, 2001) 47-69.

  21. "The German Catholic Church After the Holocaust," Holocaust and Genocide Studies 10, 2 (Fall, 1996) 161-162.

  22. Die Kirchen und das Judentum: Dokumente von 1945 bis 1985, 241-243.

  23. See Stjepan Schmidt, Augustin Bea, the Cardinal of Unity (New Rochelle:New City Press, 1992) 505-506.

  24. Die Kirchen und das Judentum: Dokumente von 1945 bis 1985, 244.

  25. Cardinal Cassidy, "Reflections Regarding the Vatican’s Statement on the Shoah,"(May,1998) Catholics Remember the Holocaust (Washington, D.C.: National Conference of Catholic Bishops, 1998) 62.

  26. The German Bishops, "Opportunity to Re-examine Relationship with the Jews,"(January, 1995) Catholics Remember the Holocaust (Washington, D.C.: National Conference of Catholic Bishops, 1998) 10.

  27. The Hungarian Bishops and the Ecumenical Council of Churches, "Joint Statement on the Occasion of the Fiftieth Anniversary of the Holocaust," (November, 1994) Catholics Remember the Holocaust (Washington, D.C.: National Conference of Catholic Bishops, 1998) 8.

  28. Polish Bishops, "The Victims of Nazi Ideology,"(January, 1995) Catholics Remember the Holocaust (Washington, D.C.: National Conference of Catholic Bishops, 1998)12-15.

  29. "Supported by One Root: Our Relationship to Judaism,"(October, 1995) Catholics Remember the Holocaust (Washington, D.C.: National Conference of Catholic Bishops, 1998) 22.

  30. Swiss Bishops Conference, "Confronting the Debate About the Role of Switzerland During the Second World War,"(March, 1997) Catholics Remember the Holocaust (Washington, D.C.: National Conference of Catholic Bishops, 1998) 26.

  31. French Bishops, "Declaration of Repentance,"(September, 1977) Catholics Remember the Holocaust (Washington, D.C.: National Conference of Catholic Bishops, 1998) 32, 34.

  32. Henri de Lubac, "La Question des eveques sous l’occupation" Revue des deux mondes (February, 1992) 67-82

  33. "We Remember: A Reflection on the Shoah," Catholics Remember the Holocaust (Washington, D.C.: National Conference of Catholic Bishops, 1998) 52-53.

  34. Peter Steinfels, "Beliefs," The New York Times (March 21, 1998) A7; James Carroll, "Vatican Response to the Holocaust," The Boston Globe (March 31, 1998) A17. Garry Wills is particularly critical in his Papal Sin: Structures of Deceit (New York: Doubleday, 2000) 13-19.

  35. "We Remember: A Reflection on the Shoah," Catholics Remember the Holocaust (Washington, D.C.: National Conference of Catholic Bishops, 1998) 52-53.

  36. "We Remember: A Reflection on the Shoah," Catholics Remember the Holocaust, 49.

  37. Acts et Documents du Saint Siège relatifs à la seconde guerre mondiale, 11 volumes (Vatican City: Secretariat of State, 1965-1981).

  38. "The Vatican and the Holocaust: A Preliminary Report" by the International Catholic-Jewish Historical Commission (October, 2000).

  39. Vincent Lapomarda, The Jesuits and the Third Reich (Lewiston: Edwin Mellen Press, 1989) and "The Jesuits and the Holocaust," Journal of Church and State 23, 2 (Spring, 1981) 241-258.

  40. I develop this history at greater length in an essay "Catholicism’s Emerging Post-Shoah Tradition: The Case of the Jesuits," Remembering for the Future: The Holocaust in an Age of Genocide, edited by John Roth and Elisabeth Maxwell (Hampshire, U.K.: Palgrave, 2001) 381-395.

  41. See Reites, "St. Ignatius of Loyola and the Jews" Studies in the Spirituality of the Jesuits 13/4 (September, 1981). However, Ignatius too was a man of him times and when it came to the matter of Jews who were not and did not wish to become Christians, he could support the oppressive policy of ghettoization imposed by Pope Paul IV in his 1555 "Cum nimis absurdum."

  42. Decree 52. English translation in For Matters of Greater Moment: The First Thirty Jesuit General Congregations, edited by J. Padberg, S.J., M. O'Keefe, S.J., J. McCarthy, S.J. (St. Louis: Institute of Jesuit Sources, 1994) p. 204.

  43. James Broderick, The Progress of the Jesuits (1556-1579) (London: Longmans, Green and Co., 1946) pp. 310-311.

  44. See his entry "Juden" in his Jesuiten-Lexikon: Die Gesellschaft Jesu einst und jetzt (Paderborn: Verlag Bonifacius-Druckerei, 1934) pp. 939-942.

  45. Hannah Arendt, The Origins of Totalitarianism (New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company, 1976 new edition), p. 102.

  46. Decree 8. English translation in For Matters of Greater Moment, p. 625.

  47. Robert Michael, "Theologia Gloriae and Civiltà Cattolica's Attitude Toward the Jews" Encounter 50:2 (Spring, 1989) pp. 158; see Arendt, The Origins of Totalitarianism, pp. 116 and 120; Ronald Modras, The Catholic Church and Antisemitism. Poland, 1933-1939 (Chur, Switzerland: Harwood, 1994) pp. 334-340; Richard Webster, The Cross and the Fasces: Christian Democracy and Fascism in Italy (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1960) pp. 122-127; and the discussion "La Civiltà cattolica, Jews, and anti-Semitism," in The Hidden Encyclical of Pius XI, ed by Georges Passelecq and Bernard Suchecky (New York: Harcourt, Brace & Company,1997) pp. 123-136.

  48. E. Rossi, Il magganello e l'aspersorio (Florece, 1958), cited by Meir Michaelis, "Christians and Jews in Fascist Italy," in Judaism and Christianity under the Impact of National Socialism, 1919-1945, ed. by Otto Dov Kulka and Paul R. Mendes-Flohr (Jerusalem:Historical Society of Israel and the Zalman Shazar Center for Jewish History, 1987) p. 274. For more on La Civilta Cattolica, see Susan Zuccotti, Under His Very Windows: The Vatican and the Holocaust in Italy (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2000) 11-14.

  49. Address to the General Congregation Delegates (Oct. 16, 1906). Cited in David Schultenover, S.J., A View from Rome: On the Eve of the Modernist Crisis (New York: Fordham University Press, 1993) p. 166.

  50. See Olaf Blaschke, "Wider die 'Herrschaft des modern-jüdischen Geistes': Der Katholizismus zwischen tradionellem Antijudaismus und modernem Antisemitismus," in Deutscher Katholizismus im Umbruch zur Moderne, ed. by Wilfried Loth (Stuttgart: Verlag W. Kohlhammer, 1991) pp.236-265.

  51. See Uriel Tal, "The 'Kulturkampf' and the Jews of Germany" BINAH: Studies in Jewish History I (New York: Praeger, 1989) pp. 173-193.

  52. The Hidden Encyclical of Pius XI, pp. 249, 251, 252, 253. See the thoughtful review by Michael Marrus, "The Vatican on Racism and Antisemitism, 1938-39: A New Look at a Might-Have-Been" Holocaust and Genocide Studies VII,3 (Winter, 1997) pp. 378-395. For a general consideration of "Jesuit anti-Judaism" see Reiner Brüggermann and Gerd Spellerberg, "Die Gesellschaft Jesu und die Juden: Eine Betrachtung über die Folgen des jesuitischen Antijudaismus" Werkhefte Katholischer Laien 15 (March 1961) 82-89.

  53. Jean Lacouture, Jesuits: A Multibiography (Washington,D.C.: Counterpoint, 1995) p. 176. For general discussions of the demonization theme and hatred toward one or both groups and the relationship to each other, see Manfred Barthel, The Jesuits: History and Legend of the Society of Jesus (New York: William Morrow, 1984); Alexander Brou, Les Jésuites de la légende, 2 vols. (Paris:V. Retaux, 1906,1907); Geoffrey Cubitt, The Jesuit Myth: Conspiracy Theory and Politics in Nineteenth-Century France (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1993); Bernhard Duhr, Jesuiten-Fabeln: Ein Beitrag zur Kulturgeschichte (Freiburg im Breisgau: Herder'sche Verlagshandlung, 1892); Léon Poliakov, La causalité diabolique: essai sur l'origine des persécutions (Paris: Calmann-Lévy, 1980).

  54. As examples of this literature, see René Fülöp-Miller, The Power and Secret of the Jesuits (New York: Viking, 1930); E. Paris, Histoire secrète des jésuites (Paris: Fischbacher, 1970).

  55. As examples of this large literature, see Burghard Assmus, Jesuitenspiegel: Interessante Beiträge zur Naturgeschichte der Jesuiten (Berlin: A. Bock Verlag, 1938); Alfred Bass, An alle Deutschvölkischen! Die Deutschvölkischen im jesuitisch-jüdischen Fangnetz (Leipzig: Leipziger Verlag, 1920); Ludwig Engel, Der Jesuitismus eine Staatsgefahr (Munich: Ludendorffs Verlag, 1935); O. Gröbler, Jude, Jesuit und Freimaurer im Blitzlicht (Leignitz: Hahnauer 45, 1932[?]); Erich Ludendorff, Das Geheimnis der Jesuitenmacht und ihre Ende (Munich: Ludendorffs Volkswarte Verlag, 1929); Alfred Miller, Der Jesuitismus als Volksgefahr: Eine Betrachtung zu den Münchener Novemberereignissen (Munich: Deutscher Volksverlag, 1923); NSDAP, Das zweite Novemberverbrechen: der jüdisch-jesuitische Novemberverrat in München 1923 (Nazi pamphlet, 1923); Alfred Rosenberg, Schriften aus der jahren 1917-21 (Munich: Hoheneichern-Verlag, 1943); G. Schultze-Pfaelzer, Das Jesuiten-Buch: Weltgeschichte eines falschen Priestertums (Berlin: Brunner-Verlag, 1936);

  56. March 31, 1933 in Akten Faulhaber, ed. by Volk, I, p. 684. Cited in Theodore Hamerow, "The Conservative Resistance to Hitler and the Fall of the Weimar Republic, 1932-34," in Between Reform, Reaction, and Resistance: Studies in the history of German Conservatism from 1789 to 1945. Edited by Larry Eugene Jones and James Retallack (Providence: Berg, 1993) p. 461. The numbers of Jesuits killed is taken from Vincent Lapomarda's The Jesuits and the Third Reich.

  57. Two international meetings of Jesuits in Jewish-Christian Dialogue have now been held. The first was held in Krakow, Poland in December 1998 with the theme "Jesuits and Jews: Towards Greater Fraternity and Commitment." The second was held in the summer of 2000 in Jerusalem with the theme "The Significance of the State of Israel for Contemporary Judaism and Jewish-Christian Dialogue."

  58. Saul Friedländer, "From Anti-Semitism to Extermination," Unanswered Questions: Nazi Germany and the Genocide of the Jews, edited by François Furet(New York: Schocken Books, 1989) 31.

  59. There is the distinguished work of the late Israeli historian Uriel Tal. For example, see his "On Structures of Political Theology and Myth in Germany Prior to the Holocaust," The Holocaust as Historical Experience, edited by Yehuda Bauer and Nathan Rotenstreich (New York: Holmes & Meier, 1981) 43-74. More recent works include the two volumes edited by Hans Maier and Michael Schäfer, Totalitarismus und Politische Religionen (Paderborn: Ferdinand Schöningh, 1996); Der Nationalsozialismus als politische Religion, edited by Michael Ley and Julius Schoeps (Bodenheim: Philo Verlagsgesellschaft, 1997); Claus-Ekkehard Bärsch, Die politische Religion des Nationalsozialismus (Munich: Wilhelm Fink Verlag, 1998).

  60. "We Remember: A Reflection on the Shoah," Catholics Remember the Holocaust, 49.

  61. The statement was published in The New York Times (September 10, 2000) 23. It was reissued in Christianity in Jewish Terms, edited by Tikva Frymer-Kensky (Boulder: Westview Press, 2000) xvii-xx.